Thank you.
Air pollution
https://appgairpollution.org/key-facts/
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Air Pollution
80% of people in urban areas are exposed to air pollution that is higher than WHO limits
40,000 deaths a year (rate of 25.7 p/100,000 compared to 0.4 in Sweden)
Strongly linked to cancer, heart disease, strokes
It affects the most vulnerable and poorest people
Children are 11% more exposed
How particulates harm the heart
https://www.bhf.org.uk/toxicair
Remain in bloodstream for at least three months
Worsen the build-up of atheroma
Affect the normal electrical functioning of your heart.
Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: an ecologic study
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/a...
Case fatality rate increased with air pollution index
Moderate API verses low API areas, 84% increased risk of dying (RR 1.84)
High API verses low API areas, more than double risk of dying (RR = 2.18)
Results were similar for short and long term exposure
Cut air pollution to help avoid second coronavirus peak (APPG)
https://www.theguardian.com/environme...
https://appgairpollution.org/2020/05/...
It is increasingly likely that air pollution increases vulnerability to Covid-19 infection
Short-term exposure of airway cells to micro particulates causes a highly significant increased the number of the ACE2 receptors
Coronavirus detected on particles of air pollution
Similar results for nitrogen dioxide
Correlations between air pollution and death rates from COVID-19
Air pollution and Covid-19 are even more dangerous together
How air pollution exacerbates Covid-19
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20...
Outdoor air pollution kills 4.2millin per year
Predisposing the people who have lived with polluted air for years
Particles may be acting as vehicles for viral transmission
Harvard School of Public Health study
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.11...
3,080 counties in the US, long-term pollution exposure for 15-20 = years significantly higher mortality rates
Heart effects
Lung effects
Air pollution reduced immunity, European Alliance of Public Health, https://epha.org/air-pollution-and-da...
Outsized effect in the US
An increase of 1 microgram per cubic metre corresponds to a 15% increase in COVID deaths.
US Environment Protection Agency limit 12 micrograms of PM 2.5s
WHO guidance figure is 10 micrograms per cubic metre
New York is often above this ‘safe’ limit
Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Polluted areas = chronic respiratory conditions
Chronic inflammatory, even in young and healthy
Predisposed to a particular infection
Hotspot correlation
Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: an ecologic study
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/a...
Air pollution index (API)
High to low 86% increase in deaths
Particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and ground-level ozone
Lockdown reductions
44% in Wuhan
54% in Seoul
60% in New Delhi
Milan 45Km
Rome 150Km
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20...
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