Daniel 8, the eighth chapter of the
Book of Daniel, concerns
Daniel's vision of the ram and the he-goat. This vision is part of a series of episodes that is a continuation from
Daniel 7. The fragmentary vision concerns a battle between a two-horned ram and a he-goat with "a notable horn" between its eyes, often referred to as the "little horn" from which four horns succeed. Daniel is met by the angel
Gabriel who partially interprets the visions in cryptic ways.
[3] The climax of the chapter is the revolt of the "little horn" and his ultimate defeat.
Composition[edit]
Daniel sees himself at
Susa (
Heb: "
Shushan"), the capital
[4] near the river
Ulai. The canal may have run along the north side of the fortress of Susa, a royal palace for the
Persian kings of ancient
Elam, just east of
Babylonia.
[5] From a
source critical perspective, visionary experiences are frequently associated with riverbank settings.
[4]
The
literary genre of the Daniel 8 vision is considered to be a
symbolic dream vision, despite
Josephus' claim that Daniel was actually there,
[6] using both allegorical and mythic-realistic symbols. It is proposed that Daniel 7 and 8 were written by different persons due to the transition from
Aramaic to
Hebrew. Though there are stylistic differences between the two chapters,
[7] Daniel 7 and 8 are parts of a composite whole, so that even if composed by a group, both chapters together are considered a coherent literary work. The
epiphany of the angel Gabriel, links Daniel 8 to Daniel 10 and is influenced by
Ezekiel 8:2 and the
Book of Habakkuk.
Vision of a ram and a goat[edit]
Daniel sees a ram with two horns, one longer than the other. The ram charges west, north, and then south. The ram is powerful, none could stand against it. He does what he pleases and becomes great.
[Dan. 8:1–4]
Then a goat comes from the west, having a single large horn, crossing the earth without touching the ground. It strikes the ram, breaks its two horns, knocks it down, and tramples him. But at the height of his power, the goat's horn is broken and in its place, four horns grow toward the four winds of heaven.
[Dan. 8:5-8]
One of the horns is small but grows great, like the prince of host. It prospers in everything, throws stars down to the ground and tramples on them, stopping the daily sacrifice, destroying the sanctuary and throwing truth to the ground.
[Dan. 8:9-12]
Daniel is told how long it will take for the vision to be fulfilled—2,300 evenings and mornings—then the sanctuary will be reconsecrated (cleansed).
[Dan. 8:13-14]
After Daniel has seen the vision, someone looking like a man, called Gabriel, appears to tell Daniel. Daniel falls down in fear. Gabriel tells Daniel the meaning of the vision, giving him "skill and understanding" regarding the vision about the time of the end, but Daniel passes out. Gabriel wakes him up and again tells him that the vision is about the time of the end.
[Dan. 8:15-19]
Symbolism[edit]
The ram and he-goat[edit]
The ram and he-goat are interpreted explicitly as the kings of Media-Persia and Greece. The use of such animal symbolism may be
astrological in nature referring to the
Hellenistic constellations that preside over
Persia and
Syria (Caqout, Koch).
In verses 3 and 4 of Daniel’s second vision, a ram appears standing by the river Ulai having two horns, one higher than the other. According to verse 20, the two horns represent the kings of
Media and
Persia.
[4]
In verses 5-7, a male goat then appears from the west. Verse 21 states that the male goat is the king of Greece. Scholars have associated this male goat with
Alexander the Great and his armies.
[10]
Little horn[edit]
The little horn, who casts some of the stars to the ground, may be an allusion for
Helal ben Shacar ("
Lucifer (
RSV Daystar), son of Dawn") in |Isaiah 14:12 which parallels to the
Ugaritic myth of
Attar's attempt to occupy the throne of
Baal.
In the vision, the he-goat's first horn is broken, giving rise to four horns in its place. The "little horn" is sometimes understood to be one of the four horns that replaced the notable horn, who is accepted as
Antiochus IV Epiphanes by
historical-critical scholars.
Daniel 8:10–14 is referenced to Antiochus' dealings with the Jewish people under his rule, which ended with the
Maccabean Revolt. In addition, Daniel 11, with references to Persia and Greece and two kings, is thought by some to refer to the Seleucids, and specifically to Antiochus Epiphanes as "The King of the North".
[12] I
Historicist views[edit]
Reformation[edit]
Julius Caesar identified as the king in Daniel 8:23-25, depicted in armour and with a laurel wreath, on horseback, bearing a standard depicting an eagle; the horse trampling three kings with standards depicting a lion, a ram and a goat. Engraving by
Adriaen Collaert, Plate 4 of Four Illustrious Rulers of Antiquity.
The
historicist interpretation of Daniel 8 was at one point held by Protestant churches during the Reformation. According to
Seventh-day Adventist historian
Le Roy Froom, "The Reformation ... was really born of a twofold discovery--first, the rediscovery of Christ and His salvation; and second, the discovery of the identity of Antichrist and his subversions."
[13] "The reformers were unanimous in its acceptance. And it was this interpretation of prophecy that lent emphasis to their reformatory action. It led them to protest against Rome with extraordinary strength and undaunted courage. ... This was the rallying point and the battle cry that made the Reformation unconquerable."
[14]