Thursday, July 2, 2020

Burning the Talmud in London

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Burning the Talmud in London
Neo Nazis are planning a hate-filled rally on Shabbat in Golders Green, including burning the Talmud.

I had to take a second look at this article "Extremists Threaten to Burn Talmud, Rip Israeli Flag, at London March in Jewish Neighborhoood" to make sure I had read it correctly.
The Neo Nazis who are planning on staging a rally in Golders Green on Shabbat July 4th have now upped the stakes. Drawing inspiration from their medieval predecessors, they are seeking to provoke, insult and enrage us by burning volumes of the Talmud.
Why this would not be considered a hate crime is beyond me, and we must contact the authorities to make sure that this evil plan together with this hate-filled rally does not get off the ground.
There is a reason why we are known as ‘the people of the book’, from time immemorial, literacy and scholarship has been part of our national identity. Jews pioneered universal education at a time when in the wider world, knowledge was power and literacy was preserved for the elite few who sought to retain that power.
But our relationship with the written word goes beyond scholarship; we revere our books. When a book falls to the ground we pick it up accompanied by a loving kiss. If a Sefer Torah, the holiest of all books is dropped, all present are required to fast. On Simchat Torah we dance with our books in an ecstatic whirl, showing our emotional connection with our intellectual legacy.
British society stands at a crossroads not knowing where to draw the line between extremism and freedom of speech. Yes, these are tough questions, but an act of provocation such as this is designed to evoke memories of previous book burnings in Europe from the middle ages until the Nazi era. And unfortunately we know what happened in the aftermath.
At the same time, we need to look inwardly. That is the reason why we fast when a Sefer Torah is dropped; we ask ourselves, “Why has this happened to us?”
It is no coincidence that the Nazi rally is taking place on the 17th of Tammuz, a day of fasting that commemorates the day the burning of a Torah scroll by a wicked man called Apostomus. This ushers in the period of the three weeks culminating in Tisha B’Av, the day when both our Temples were burnt to the ground and our people were exiled from our land. These fast days are not times to get angry; they are times to focus inwardly and resolve to make a change for the better.
Do we respect our books and use them for study or do they gather dust on our shelves? Do we respect those who both study these texts and embody their values as we should? Why does it take the threat of a Neo Nazi conflagration to wake us up?
This article originally appeared on www.aish.org.uk
An Update from the Author
It's not every week that the eyes of the Jewish world are focussed on Golders Green. It's normally a quiet suburban neighbourhood with a plethora of Kosher restaurants and synagogues.  But the threat of an unprovoked anti Semitic demonstration on Shabbat in the heart of the area was a source of concern world wide.
This concern was exacerbated by threats made by a lone individual to burn a copy of the Talmud. It transpired that this individual had no direct connection to the rally and was using it as an opportunity to agitate. This was never intended to be in public, the law does not allow for that, and private individuals have far more Liberty to do as they wish in their own home.
The Jewish community acted with tremendous unity and wisdom and eventually was successful in having the police relocate the rally to an area far away from the main centres of Jewish life. I am sure that even if the rally does take place there, it will be dismissed as an irrelevance by all.
We owe a huge debt of gratitude to the Metropolitan Police and the Community Security Trust for achieving this result and we are fortunate to live in a country that protects our rights and sensitivities.
The intention of my precious article was not to sow seeds of panic. Panic doesn't help us and only strengthens our enemies who seek to disrupt our way of life. The message was that, as well as doing all we can to stop it from taking place that we take stock and focus inwardly.
Rally or no rally, this Sunday will be the fast of Shiva Asar BeTammuz, commemorating the breaching of the walls of Jerusalem and the start of three weeks of national mourning.  Mourning over a Temple that was lost due to senseless hatred.
These weeks are a time to reflect both on our personal lives and our national wellbeing. They are an opportunity to redeem a fractured world with acts of loving kindness and unity.
If we can only harness the communal unity and sense of identity and belonging that the threat of the rally created, who knows, we may be celebrating rather than fasting this Tisha b'av.

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When King Louis IX Burned the Talmud

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When King Louis IX Burned the Talmud
A thousand years ago, King Louis IX ordered the Talmud burned in Paris.

“O (Talmud), that has been consumed by fire, seek the welfare of those who mourn for you…”
These searing words were written by Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg (1215-1293), a brilliant Jewish student who’d recently travelled from his home in northern Germany to Paris to study a renown yeshiva there, after he witnessed the mass burning of the Talmud in Paris in 1240 on the orders of King Louis IX. A peripatetic king, Louis IX was one of the few Medieval Christian thinkers to willingly engage in debate with Jews - but his legacy is one of pain and suffering for thousands of Jews in France.
“He was a splendid knight whose kindness and engaging manner made him popular,” the Encyclopedia Britannica describes King Louis IX. Crowned at the age of twelve in 1226, King Louis IX instituted legal reforms across France and often personally judged cases in his magnificent Great Hall in the Palais de la Cite in Paris, where he handed out judgments and punishments to his subjects. A staunchly religious Catholic, King Louis IX was seemingly preoccupied by Jews. He issued the Ordinance of Melun in 1230, forcing Jewish into “honest” jobs - in reality manual labor. (Forbidden from virtually all professions by the Lateran Council of 1215, life for France’s Jews became more difficult than ever.) He also had an appetite for debating Jews about religion and Judaism’s holiest texts.
In the 1230s, King Louis IX finally got his chance to show off his powers of argument and his piety and debate Jews about the very validity of the Jewish faith.
In 1236, Nicholas Donin, a Parisian Jew who had turned his back on the Jewish community and publicly embraced Catholicism, penned a damning letter to Pope Gregory IX. In it, Donin attacked the Talmud, the written discussions of the Oral Law that was given to Moses on Mount Sinai along with the Written Law that makes up the Five Books of Moses. He enumerated 35 complaints about the Talmud, including that it attacked the Catholic Church. If there were no more Talmud, Donin asserted, then Jews would be more likely to abandon their Jewish faith and convert to Christianity, as he himself had done.
Pope Gregory IX took Donin’s letter seriously, and he sent a letter to all Catholic institutions in France demanding that they seize copies of the Talmud from Jewish communities in their midst. Similar letters were sent to Catholic leaders in Italy, Spain and Portugal. The Talmud was going to be put on trial, the Pope announced, and all copies had to be confiscated before this began.
King Louis IX
The date for taking the precious Talmud volumes from synagogues, homes and Jewish schools was set for Shabbat, March 3, 1240. On that day, officials burst into synagogues across Europe where Jews were gathered for Shabbat services, loading volumes of the Talmud that had been painstakingly written by hand, as well as other Jewish books, away. Any Jew who tried to prevent his or her holy books could be killed with impunity.
Two months later, the Talmud was put on trial. King Louis IX oversaw the arrangements: the proceedings were to be public, and he personally promised to guarantee the personal safety of the Jews who were to be charged with defending the Talmud. However, there were strict ground rules that any Jew defending the Talmud had to adhere to: they could not criticize Christianity in any way. Nothing derogative about Christians or Christian belief could be uttered. Blasphemy, as defined by the Catholic Church, would not be tolerated. The conclusion of this infamous trial, or disputation, was a foregone conclusion.
King Louis IX ordered four prominent rabbis to defend the Talmud: Rabbi Yechiel of Paris, Rabbi Moses of Coucy, Rabbi Judah of Melum and Rabbi Samuel ben Solomon of Chateau-Thierry. They faced off against Nicholas Donin, the Christian convert who’d initiated the entire dispute.
The trial raged for days. Rabbi Yechiel led the Jewish team, and even his opponents agreed that he argued brilliantly, given the strict limitations on what he was allowed to say. When Donin accused the Talmud of treating Christian figures less than kindly, Rabbi Yechiel responded that it was possible that two people might have the same name, pointing out that “not every Louis born in France is king.” His flattery seemed designed to sooth the mercurial monarch, who watched every stage of the debate with great interest.
At one point King Louis IX’s temper got the better of him as he followed the intricate arguments. Rabbi Yechiel advanced a particularly effective argument and Louis IX became enraged, shouting that instead of discussing matters of faith with a Jew, a good Christian should plunge his sword into him instead. So much for assurances that the rabbis would be safe. Rabbi Yechiel fled for his life, and the three other rabbis continued the dispute without him. Despite the rabbis’ best efforts, the trial had been decided before it began. The Talmud was found “guilty” and condemned to be burned.
King Louis IX oversaw the “sentence” two years later, in 1242. Officials throughout France had scoured the countryside looking for copies of the Talmud and other Hebrew books, taking them by force from Jews across France. Not a single volume of the Talmud remained in Jewish hands. On the morning of June 17, 1242, 24 wagons piled to the top with thousands of volumes of the Talmud and other Jewish books made their way slowly through Paris to the Place de Greve, near Notre Dame Cathedral. The collection was enormous. At a time when every book was painstakingly written by hand, this represented generations of Jewish learning and work. It’s estimated that the wagons held about 10,000 books.
One by one, each of the two dozen wagons disgorged their books, dropping the precious texts onto the ground. By the end of the day, an enormous pile of Jewish writings covered the plaza. A crowd gathered to watch the conflagration as Louis IX’s officials set the books on fire.
“My tears formed a river that reached to the Sinai desert and to the graves of Moshe and Aharon,” Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, who was present at the scene, recalled later about that day. “Is there another Torah to replace the Torah which you have taken from us?” Sages designated a minor fast day in memory of this tragedy: the Friday before the Torah Portion Chukat is read in synagogue. This year’s fast day in memory of the Talmud’s burning is Friday, July 3, 2020.
The Apotheosis of St. Louis, which stands in front of the St. Louis Art Museum, memorializes the city's namesake.
The fast day this year comes amid renewed attention about King Louis IX. After his death, he became a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. The city of St. Louis is named after him and some people are protesting his statue in that city. In addition to putting the Talmud on trial, King Louis IX also signed legislation to expel Jews from France (this was carried out by his successor King Phillip IV) and led the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, which also targeted Jewish communities. His legacy is a complex one.
Yet, as many people around the world debate Louis IX’s legacy, some Jews will recall his reign in a much more personal way, fasting and praying and recalling the Trial of the Talmud that he oversaw, and the incalculable loss of Jewish scholarship that resulted.

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First Up

A business in San Antonio posts a reminder about face masks.
Eric Gay/AP

Here's what we're following today.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University on Wednesday reported a new pandemic record: nearly 50,000 new coronavirus cases in the U.S. in a single day. That number brings the total to almost 2.7 million confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. — more than double the number in Brazil, which ranks second. Dr. Anthony Fauci told NPR that the dire threat of 100,000 COVID-19 cases a day, which he mentioned earlier this week in Senate testimony, doesn’t have to happen if guidelines are followed for curbing the spread of the virus.

Employers added 4.8 million jobs last month, as the U.S. economy continued to slowly bounce back from a deep and painful coronavirus recession. The unemployment rate dipped to 11.1%, though there are indications that the job growth has slowed recently amid a surge of new coronavirus infections.

California was one of the first states to shut down because of the  pandemic, and it is currently experiencing one of the country's worst surges. On Wednesday, Governor Gavin Newsom ordered 19 counties to close many businesses if they can’t operate outdoors. New York City also said no more indoor restaurant dining. The orders come as service-industry businesses were preparing for the Fourth of July weekend – seen by many as a potential bright spot in an otherwise dismal economic year.

Congressional leaders, known as the “Gang of Eight,” are expected to meet with intelligence officials on Thursday. The closed door briefing follows reports that Taliban-linked fighters were paid to kill U.S. troops and coalition forces in Afghanistan. The Trump administration has been facing bipartisan calls for a full briefing on the matter.

Russian voters passed a referendum allowing President Vladimir Putin to remain in office until 2036. In addition to a reset of presidential terms allowing Putin to run twice more, the referendum includes some 200 other amendments, including guaranteed minimum pensions, a ban on same-sex marriage and an affirmation of the Russian people's belief in God.

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Today's Listens

Education Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

If you pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard, ornithologist Viviana Ruiz Gutierrez says the birds you see will likely put on a great show. In this episode of the Short Wave podcast, Gutierrez provides a primer on migration, mating dances, nesting, and tips on how to be hospitable to the birds in your neighborhood. (Listen here)

A typical Fourth of July usually has lots of flags, fireworks and parades. But 2020 has not been a typical year. In Montgomery, Ohio — a small suburban Cincinnati community of about 10,000 — the annual Fourth of July parade is a long tradition. So when the pandemic threatened to cancel the annual parade, they decided to retool it. Each of the 50 or so parade entrants will have their own space safely apart from each other, kind of like a big flea market. Spectators, however, will stay in their cars and weave up and down the aisles. (Listen here or read the story)

For months, Joe Biden has been facing growing demands to choose a Black woman as his running mate. But many progressives are loudly calling for the former vice president to pick Elizabeth Warren. They insist the liberal senator, who's long been a darling of the left, would help the presumptive Democratic nominee win over skeptical young voters. (Listen here or read the story)

History Lesson

Two blood-splattered Freedom Riders, John Lewis and James Zwerg, stand together after segregationists attacked them in the early 1960s in Montgomery, Ala. Lewis, then a young civil rights activist, would later become a member of Congress from Georgia.
Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Some white Americans these days are struggling to understand how racism is rooted in their country. They may find answers in some surprising places, like their own churches. While many Christian pastors have been active in the struggle for racial justice, churches at times have also supported the notion of white supremacy. (Listen here or read the story)

Before You Go

Thomas Ball's sculpture Emancipation Memorial in Boston.
Jesse Costa/WBUR
  • Boston officials say they will remove the sculpture Emancipation Monument which has stood in Park Square since 1879. It depicts a formerly enslaved man kneeling before Abraham Lincoln. And in Virginia, Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney ordered the emergency removal of multiple Confederate statues, including one of Stonewall Jackson.
  • Reviewer Jessica Wick says she shouldn't have read Silvia Moreno-Garcia's new novel before bed — Mexican Gothic is a creepy confection of Gothic tropes set in 1950s Mexico that will leave you unsettled long after you turn the last page.
  • Fox News has fired one of its leading news anchors, Ed Henry, following an outside investigation of "willful sexual misconduct in the workplace."
— Suzette Lohmeyer contributed to this report.

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